research paper

Patricia L. Sullivan, an assistant professor at the University of Georgia's School of Public and International Affairs recently completed a study advancing a new model which predicts a nation's probability of accomplishing military objectives. Sullivan's research, reported in the June issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution and by the UGA Office of Public Affairs News Service, found that since WWII major countries, including the United States, the Soviet Union, Russia, China, Britain or France, have failed in 39% of 122 military objectives against smaller, weaker nations.

Under a grant funded by the National Science Foundation and institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation Sullivan conducted research to explain the "circumstances under which more powerful nations are likely to fail and creates a model that allows policymakers to calculate the probability of success in current and future conflicts, "according to the UGA News Service.

Factors which Sullivan found important are the objective, the nature of the target, whether or not the target cooperates with the objective, whether the target or country initiating the action has allies, whether allies will intervene on either side, and the military strength or weakness of allies.

The factor most easily defined is the objective. The objective is the reason for military intervention. Objective, in Sullivan's model, is based on a continuum from "brute force" to "coercion." According to UGA News Service, the nature of the target is defined by the type of group which composes the target: guerilla, formal nation states, or terrorists. Examining these factors allows you to draw some conclusions about the odds of winning a military conflict.

Of the factors Sullivan identified the most important as whether the objective can be reached by military strength alone, or if target cooperation is essential in the military objective.

Sullivan explains that in the 1991 Gulf War Kuwait was a cooperative target. The citizens and government of Kuwait wanted the assistance of the United States. Driving out Hussein's forces was accomplished quickly and efficiently with the compliance of the nation of Kuwait.

Iraq has proven to be a different war story. Iraq did not invite the United States to enter their country. Although the United States entered on the stated premise of humanitarianism and a quest to end Hussein's reign of terror, that doesn't mean the U.S. was invited, and it doesn't mean the target is cooperative. The United States' objective to free the people of Iraq from the iron rule of Saddam Hussein and his Republican Guard was based on the plausible assumption that no human being wants to live in a state of suffering, euthanasia, and general brutality from a dictator. The United States government presumed the people of Iraq preferred freedom and democracy to the dictatorial, totalitarian government under which they lived. However, as a nation, Iraq has not proven cooperative to that objective.

Sectarian violence has kept the United States from meeting their military objective. Rather than welcoming international assistance in building a free nation, divided allegiances in the country have prolonged the military action. Many Muslim extremists view the United States as the face of the enemy, literally and spiritually. They continue to fight hard against governmental and social changes.

The lack of cooperation in Iraq is a huge indicator, according to Sullivan's model of the future of the war. It illuminates the need for target cooperation in military objectives. It does not, however, satisfy the question as to whether the probability of victory affirms or denies the call for military force to implement changes in the interest of humanitarianism.

Military force and humanitarianism, philosophically, should be mutually exclusive terms. However, often, in the face of brutality and oppression force is necessary to break the bonds of oppression. This creates a paradox which the United States government and citizens continue to grapple. It is, however, the same paradox that prompted the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolutionary War.

Sullivan reported to the UGA news service, "We can try to use brute force to kill insurgents and terrorists, but what we really need is for the population to be supportive of the government and to stop supporting the insurgents. Otherwise, every time we kill an insurgent or a terrorist, they're going to be replaced by others."

Once Sullivan developed her model, she tested it and found that her paradigm was accurate in 80% of the conflicts she examined, according to the UGA news service. Her model was used to examine the current war between the U.S. and its allies, and Iraq. Extrapolating an end to the war in Iraq based on Sullivan's model, theUGA news service estimates that there is a 26% chance of victory, in a war that could endure approximately ten years. Sullivan points out that factions, insurgents, and covert allies, such as Iran and Syria, seriously undermine the U.S. objective in Iraq.

Sullivan's conclusions regarding the war with Iraq were reported by the UGA news service as follows:

"No one could have predicted exactly what would happen after we overthrew the regime of Saddam Hussein," Sullivan said. "But what my model could say was that if the population was not supportive of whatever new regime we put in power and the American strategic objective shifted from regime removal to maintaining the authority of a new government, the likelihood of a successful outcome would drop from almost 70 percent to just under 26 percent."

Sullivan's research and reporting prove timely as the fierce debate over whether to pull our troops out of Iraq rages in the United States. According to Sullivan, the chances for the successful establishment of a new government in a free and independent Iraq are slim, without the cooperation of the Iraqis and surrounding nations. The research, however, does nothing to discourage those who believe in the fight in the name of higher moral law and justice.

Sullivan's paradigm is helpful, but must be weighed against the one's acceptance of age old adage, "It's not whether you win or lose, but how (or why) you play the game." One factor that Sullivan's research did not address includes an equation which may never be quantified: How much is one life worth in the pursuit of freedom and justice for all?

Sources:

Fahmy, Sam. "UGA study finds that weaker nations prevail in 39 percent of military conflicts, UGA Office of Public Affairs News Service, June 11, 2007.

http://www.uga.edu/news/artman/publish/070611_Sullivan.shtml

http://www.uga.edu/intl/sullivan.htm

http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/3/496





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research triangle park

Here are five topics for research in education. The perfect gift for the college student wondering what to select as a topic, or the educational professional seeking to enlighten us with a breakthrough or two.

What nutritional elements elevate learning abilities?

Are there foods that aid in the educational process? Certainly there are foods to be avoided, such as an excess of sugar and the caffeine laden drinks that send my fourth grade students bouncing off the walls. There are the “New Age,” well intentioned, but ill informed folks, who would have us eat nothing but dandelion leaves. There are the hucksters promoting their “overnight weight loss/increased sex drive/mind calming/IQ enhancing wonder diets,” each bearing the disclaimer, “these findings are not substantiated by scientific research.” But is there any real scientific data out there? I’d be fascinated to learn.

What methods most greatly encourage elementary school students to read for pleasure?

What is the psychology behind the impetus some students feel, and some students will never experience? Is there a proven existent paradigm for greater success? What are the latest and most promising approaches? How do I break down the reluctant reader and infuse them with a least a cursory desire to read? All of these questions spark my intense interest.

Are newly arriving freshmen college students better or more ill prepared academically than 1966’s freshmen?

Educators decry the state of affairs of all things educational, and routinely proclaim a crisis is coming or already upon us. But just as every generation in America has resisted and maligned the favored music of their offspring, I suspect this educational outrage is equally ongoing and unending. Is there data supporting the claims that today’s freshmen are more ill equipped to deal with college life?

How does physical movement benefit brain development in elementary students?

I was amazed to learn of the correlation between regular physical movement and brain development in young children. What programs exist that would aid in my bringing movement - and by extension, greater brain development – to my students? What are the latest research findings on physical education’s impact on other areas of learning? What is the physiology involved?

How does art instruction influence other academic progress?

I infuse all my courses with art, and have found it tremendously helpful in capturing the attention of my students. I want to learn more about how art impacts student development, both to make myself better able to utilize this tool and to give myself greater justification for using it. I want to glean all the latest and most well documented research that supports my view that art instruction compliments all other subject lesson planning, captures the attention of a segment of students who would otherwise remain apathetic, and broadens the academic universe of all students.

As this is one of my own personal favorite topics, I'll throw in a thesis, free of charge.   “Art instruction in elementary school curriculums – often among the first targets of politicians seeking to balance budgets – is a powerful and practical educational tool, with far reaching and often underappreciated benefits.”

Possible subtopics include art as a means to reach at-risk and otherwise educationally challenged students; how art instruction gives students a welcome respite from more difficult subjects, re-energizes and makes them better able to focus; how art education compliments and augments standard educationally required subjects; statistical data suggesting (or proving) that students who receive instruction in art have higher grades and do better on standardized tests (assuming this is demonstrable). 

Let's see some data collecting out there!




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Toshibasatellite

research methods in hci

Today I am going to explain how to use internet for researching a paper. There are a lot of platforms on which you can research about whatever you want like Google, and Yahoo etc. I will prefer Google because it has bunch of staff for any single article. You can't select Wikipedia for research because it is not creditable. So now choose a topic lets say Target Marketing and I will tell you how to give the references for this topic.

First you need to open a web page and give the address www.google.com and write the name of the article Target Market. It will show a bunch of results about this. Just click on any link and start reading. Here is definition of target marketing. According to Susan Ward (2008) "Target Marketing involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing efforts on one or a few key segments". This definition is of Susan Ward. It is updated in 2008. This is an example of citation in body.

Start the research for target by population, families, genders, occupations, educations, etc. this is demographic information. Now you will need geographic information like are people like to spend most time out door? What is the weather? Are these people conservative with their money? These kinds of researches will help to find target (Allbusiness, 2008). This is an example of online source. The name of website is all business. And it is updated in 2008.

Market research tell us price is not most important factor customers look at repair service, warranty, performance, and brand name etc. That means price is not enough to think about. A lot of other factors need concentration (Deana, 2007). This is an example of book article reference. The author's name is Deana. It is written in 2007. And the whole reference is listed below.

Mass market retailer is a newspaper which has article of target marketing. They say that before starting any business target the market is one of the important steps. This newspaper is committed to provide the researched informational (MMR, 2008). This is an example of newspaper article. It is published in 2008.

References:

Susan Ward, (2008). Definition of target marketing. Retrieved on September 12, 2008 from http://sbinfocanada.about.com/od/marketing/g/targetmarketing.htm

Allbusiness, (2008). Research target. Retrieved on September 12, 2008 from http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing/segmentation-targeting/848-1.html

Deana, (2007). Products & services, Jennyann Noack, Plan.Target.Market, 123Module 3.

MMR, (September 08, 2008). Target market. MassMarkerRetailer.com. Retrieved on September 12, 2008 from http://www.massmarketretailers.com/articles/Target_will.html




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401k rollover options: Don't Knock Taking Your Employer Stock

Given the growth of the savings of employees of the employer to achieve the goal of seniority, it is not uncommon for employees have a significant number of employer stock in their qualified retirement plans. When it comes time for employees to leave the nest, most are ready for direct rollover of all assets in a qualified plan traditional IRA. It offers a traditional IRA to avoid an immediate consequence of transfer of income taxes, retirement is control over their assets and retirement benefits of tax deferral can continue.



However may be other options for consideration, the type of combined approach . This version of the distribution of shares of the employer directly to pensioners and rolled over the balance of plan assets into a traditional IRA. This combined approach, but not all, may have advantages.By important not including the population of the employer in a traditional rollover IRA, subject to income of pensioners immediately. This is because he / she receives the shares, as the distribution of responsibilities.



However, the fees will be made only by the value of the shares. Therefore, it is important to know, based on the actual costs of your actions are in your employer's retirement plan. The cost base is essentially the administrator of the plan of care of the population. Population exposure to fees can be more profitable in the long run, because in most cases, the values behind the actions of the employer will be much lower than the current market value.The stock held outside of the traditional IRA differ taxes on any assessment.



When a pensioner eventually decides to sell shares, you pay long-term capital gains rate - currently a maximum of 15% - rather than income tax rates, which could work to 35% or more. Moreover, no minimum distribution of 70 1 / 2 or other tax penalties unpleasant for the interests of the, 401k rollover options, employer, can better plan flexibility.And Finally, the heirs of the pensioner may lose a significant reduction in another tax. If these same actions, the actions of employers hire a traditional IRA, the heirs will eventually pay taxes on income in the general population of the employer as they appear on any assets held in a traditional IRA.



This can lead to a significant tax bill on income in the event of death, taxed at 35% of its capacity. Rolled in a traditional IRA, the heirs can not use the long-term capital gains treatment period, when they decided to sell their shares and may lose a tax saving opportunity.There many technical requirements that must be met before such, 401k rollover options, Distribution to qualify as something known as the lump sum distribution. Of course, for the sake of diversification and investment funds can prove that the rolling stock for the traditional IRA may be a wise choice,, 401k rollover options, in many cases.



Therefore recommended that pensioners, taking account of these maneuvers to obtain professional advice. Always consult your investment advisor, 401k rollover options, or financial advisor if you may benefit from carrying on your employer stock.Fearing American worker to remain in the dark, Mr. Morris, who has paid a financial adviser representative of Raymond James Financial Services, Inc. helps 401k participants get the most out of retirement

401k rollover: Rolling Money From an IRA to a Roth IRA - What Are the Winning Advantages?

If you are considering material of money from a Roth IRA IRA account, you must meet certain income restrictions and is the maximum amount that can be converted. But it is today. In 2010, all restrictions that apply to change.The conversion was abolished in 2010. You still have to pay income tax for any pre-tax, 401k rollover, dollars for development. However, the account is tax-free growth in the rest of his life, and distribution of qualified Tax Free, as well.When reached the age of 70, can take distributions, but is not obliged to do so.



With a 401K account or a traditional standard, which are required to take minimum distributions from 70 years. As we expect that people live longer and work well over the last 62 years, hoping that the distributions is more attractive than ever. Means for the same reasons, the money rolled in a Roth IRA, 401k rollover, funds from the IRA is more attractive, safe too.The step is the transfer of funds, rather than a real change. Often these terms are used interchangeably, but there, 401k rollover, are specific laws that apply to any change in the real one.



With, the elimination of all investments. Many investments can be transferred from one account to another, without purification. Settle sometimes leads to actual losses. For example, in overturning the recent fluctuations in the stock market closed the losses of investors. If you could hang on the stock, there is the possibility of recovering their losses. While he, 401k rollover, did not accept the refinance or sell, the loss was only on paper. When stocks are sold, the loss was real.So, it is better to use the opportunity to transfer the money roll MRK Roth IRA.



Contact your financial institution. It applies to a provider of current and the transfer was effected with minimal effort on your part. Only those investments which are not transferable liquidated.If you are considering material MRK Roth IRA money, you may consider the option of self. With self-directed account, you have more control over how you invest. If you have experience in real estate, gold, silver and other types of investments, you can use the account for retirement benefits so that they do not make investments on capital gains that would be incurred if the investment were private fundsNo future taxes on the distribution income or profits earned on higher accountPotentially investmentsThere in certain types of investments that are not allowed in the separate accounts.



A financial institution that manages the accounts can provide this information. Information is also available online.Real property remains a good investment, despite the current market situation.Actually, now is the time to invest in real estate because the prices of money to start low.Before material from a Roth IRA, 401k rollover, IRA account, take a time to learn more about where investments in real estate. This time spent

401k rollover options: 401k Plan Facts - Tax Benefits, 401k Rollovers & Terminating

As head of older people, its security, 401k rollover options, often includes a 401 (k) plan proposed by the employer. The whole concept of a plan seemed simple, but should be aware that 401 (k) plan of action different from the basic premise of saving for retirement. When you start the plan, part of their income is used and invested in this project. These investments, 401k rollover options, will help to earn money for retirement. Simple as it seems to be aware of all the facts relating to the plan so you can be sure that this is the right choice for you.



In to be eligible for 401 (k) plan, you must provide company offers a plan for employees. If your company does not offer a plan, or if you do not like how the plan works, it may be opening an IRA account better, instead of retirement. If you decide to participate in the company offering the plan consists of three phases to follow. To begin, you must complete the appropriate documents to be provided by the employer. Then you should go to the opening session, if the company offers one. Otherwise, do not forget to read all the materials.



The material explains the rules of the 401 (k). This will entail an investment decision, which will vary depending on the provider. Be sure to get more knowledge about the plan as possible before committing to plan.After these two steps are completed, which is to decide which part of their income to help with this plan. Many companies, 401k rollover options, match their contributions. This is an important factor. If your company offers a 100% match, then the 401 (k) plan will be an excellent choice for you.



After selecting the amount, you must select the type of investments to use. Many plans will give you several options, including stocks, bonds and mutual funds. Please note that you have the right to suspend contributions at any time. You simply inform the employer about your decision.There two types of programs available, traditional 401 (k) and Roth 401 (k). Each has different tax advantages. Traditional plans provide two advantages, namely the ability to make contributions before taxes and the ability to then invest that money in the account, tax deferred.



Traditional plans to use money from your salary before taxes. This type of plan income.Roth reduce, 401k rollover options, from 401 (k) Plans for the opposite, and not allow any contributions that are before taxes. This means that the income does not change regardless of what they contribute to a Roth 401 (k). The advantage of this is that when you reach retirement plan, the money will be available tax free. Many people choose a Roth plan, as retirement income will provide tax-free for years. Although this is an interesting advantage, most still invest in traditional plans.



401 K () rollover and termination PlanYou allowed to take savings in 401 (k), if you leave your current job. There are four options when you have and you. First, you can leave alone. Some employers do not allow this, so do not forget to find out if this option is available. Secondly, you can use a roll of 401 (K). This feature allows you to transfer savings under way in the new plan proposed, 401k rollover options, by the employer. Note that you may incur some costs if the investment options are different.



Third, you can use an IRA rollover and any broker make money 401K rollover. This is similar to 401 (k) plan rollover. The main difference is that the money is transferred to an IRA account for retirement, but not 401 (k) plan. Fourth, you can load the plan. This is the last resort, because you are not saving for retirement. You must also pay taxes on the total and the speed penalty for early withdrawal if you make a withdrawal before retirement

401k rollover rules: Financial Planning Advice: 401(k) Rollover Information Your Financial Planner Might Not Want To Tell

Recently, the Pension Protection Act offers good news for non-spouse beneficiary of 401 (K). Now you can arrange a transfer trustee of inherited 401 (k) inherited IRA. This is good news for consumers, and represents a significant departure from the old law back law.The offers most inherited 401 (K), with the same tax regime inherited MRK. 401 (K), the owner must now decide whether to activate or not the causes of rollover investment and not for tax reasons. 401 (k) rollover distribution history of the old tax laws, leaving money in another 401 (k ) for an heir, that your spouse an opportunity for fiscal nightmare.



The rules governing 401 (k) S vary according to the plan documents for a particular company. Often plan documents stipulated that if you left the other 401 (k) to an heir, as well as his spouse, he or she must have the distribution of inheritance of 401 (k) and pay income tax on the distribution of a years after the death of owner.On original $ 1M inherited 401 (K), would pay $ 350,000 in taxes immediately, and the remaining $ 650,000 would be tax deferred for the environment. Inherited IRA were not so limited.



The heir to the $ 1M inherited IRA could take the necessary steps required minimum distributions and keep the money tax deferred environmentstretching life of the IRA. A "Stretch IRA" will continue to grow tax assets, and will cost $ 1 million or more time for non-spouse heir. So the best advice for tax purposes "throwing money into an IRA." Roll your IRA money into a problem because people do not obey the advice and rolling 401 (k) in the IRA, many of these old 401 (k) plans have a substantial, 401k rollover rules, fund of government bonds in its components.



Many of these bond funds pay higher yields on the former fixed income or bond funds today, many old and still have money in these bond funds from 401 (K) of 10 or more years after retirement. The old law forced a choice between the proposal is not the wife of the tax benefits enhance the rights and interests of the owner in cash in accordance with an average of better than bond funds in 401 (k). HotShot is possible that some investors may, 401k rollover rules, show a far better investment of these old funds, but from my experience, it would be a lot of money on these bond funds (including TIAA 403 (state, b)) of bonds or other funds with a fixed income.



the new law, and my decision: the best of both options are more in favor of managed funds, if you find a low cost, the adviser to the ethics of great, 401k rollover rules, career. Now, however, is likely to recommend that the majority of income from a portfolio of 401 (K). The action and the growth of 401 (k) into IRA can be distributed to a wide range of investment opportunities offered through the MRC. In any case, the wife of the heir should not worry about tax consequences, if he or she, fortunately,, 401k rollover rules, or inherit an IRA or 401 (K).